Focus Particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu Language

Deciphering focus particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu
Tariq Khan
safertariq@gmail.com
CALTS, University of Hyderabad
The particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu language is used to emphasize constituents, relate information, signal attitude and prevent ambiguity. The positioning of 'hI' adjacent to a constituent make it salient. In a discourse it contributes to the complete interpretation of utterances. And in a sentence, open for interpretation, the putting of hI serves for disambiguation. Let's consider a few sentences with hI occuring at diverse positions within them.
a) XonI hI Sawaka lagAegA
Dhoni only century hit
Only Dhoni will hit century.

b) XonI Sawaka hI lagAegA
Dhoni only century hit
Dhoni will hit century only.

c) XonI Sawaka lagAegA hI
Dhoni only century hit certainly
Dhoni will certainly hit century.

d) jo wumahe pasanda hE vahI miTAI lAyA Huz
that you like same sweet have brought
I have brought the same sweet which you like.

e) vaha WodI hI xera meM calA gayA
he short only time left
He left in a short while.

f) mEM Gara pahumca kara KAUngA
I home reach eat
I will take food after reaching home.

mEM Gara pahumca kara hI KAUngA
I home reach only eat
I will take food only after reaching home.
The position of hI decides the emphasis within an emphatic sentence. As a particle it is invariable in form and does not belong to one of the classes. And still, it has grammatical and pragmatic meaning. As its function is to give prominence to the constituents, it occurs but only once in a given sentence.

A large number of combinations is possible with the merger of pronouns and the particle hI. These combinations may refer to persons, events as well as objects. They are used to perform illocutionary functions.

Example Set One
yaha + hI = yahI 'this one'
vaha + hI = vahI 'that one'
If X = {yahI, vahI}
X AdamI AyA Wa
man had come
is + hI = isI 'this one'
us + hI = usI 'that one'
If X = {isI, usI}
X ne JagdA kiyA WA
had fought

Examples Set Two
in + hI = inahIM 'these ones'
un + hI = unahIM 'those ones'
wuma + hI = wumahIM ' you only'
If X = {inahIM, unahIM, wumhIM}
X ko Pala diyA WA
To fruits had given

Examples Set Three
aba + hI = aBI 'now'
jaba + hI = jaBI 'whenever'
waba + hI = waBI 'then only'
saba + hI = saBI 'all' (inclusive)
If X = {aBI, jaBI, waBI, saBI}
X Gara jAeMge
home go

Examples Set Four
yahAz + hI = yahIM 'here only'
vahAz + hI = vahIM 'there only'
kahAz + hI = kahIM 'wherever'
If X = {yahIM, vahIM, kahIM}
X se Karixa ke lAo
from buy bring

Examples Set Five
Such contracted forms are not possible with the following pronouns:
First person pronoun 'mE'
Second person honorific pronoun 'Apa' and
Possessive pronouns 'merA', 'werA', 'uskA' & 'hamArA'
'hI' exists independently when it is preceded by the above pronouns.
{merA hI, werA hI, uskA hI, mE hI, Apa hI}

The Hindi-Urdu word order and the focus particle 'hI'

The focus particle hI can occur at various constituent positions in a given sentence, but never in the sentence initial position. In all these positions it highlights the constituents preceded by it..

Free word order and hI
a) wumahe hI jAnA WA to mE kyuM AyA?
you only go had then I why come
If only you had to go why did I come?

b) wumahe jAnA hI WA to Aye kyuM We?
you go only had then why come
If you had to go (only) why did you come?

c) wumahe jAnA WA hI nahI to mE kyuM AyA
you go only had then why come
If you did not have to go why did I come?

d) wumahe jAnA to padegA hI
you go have to
You will have to go.


Verbal suffix –we preceding hI
Communicating the sense 'as soon as'.

a ) vaha Gara jAwe hI KAnA banAwA hE
he home reach as soon as prepare food
As soon as he reaches home he prepares food.

b) pEse milwe hI majaxura cale gaye
money get as soon as labourers go home
The labourers went home as soon as they got money.

c) Kela Kawama howe hI hamane paDAI Suru kI
Game end as soon as we studies start
We started the studies as soon as we finished the game.

Alteration with 'siraPa'
a) yaha Gara sirPa Apake liye hE
this house only you for is
This house is for you only.

b) yaha Gara Apake liye hI hE
this house you for only is
This house is only for you.

Oblique infinitive + para hI
a) usake bulAne para hI mE vahAM gayA.
His/her call on only I there went
I went there only on her/ his call.

b) wuma mere bawAe rAswe para hI calanA
you my asked path on just go
You just follow what I have asked you.

Reflexivex plus hI
apane Apa, Kuxa,
a) wuma apane Apa hI gIre We
you self fell
you fell on your own.

b) mE Kuxa hI bimAra WA
I self sick was
I was myself sick.

hI preceded by conjunctive constructions 'kara'
mE kAma Kawama karke hI sone jAuMgA
I work over finish only sleep go
I will go to sleep only after finishing the work.

With dates and time
aBI hI, Aja hI, kala hI, {days of the week/ dates}
Xoni aBI hI Sawaka mAregA.
Dhoni now only century hit
Dhoni will hit century now only.


hI preceded by 'jEse', 'vEse', 'Ese' , and 'jyoM'
a) mEne jEse hI xarvAjA KolA Apa aye
I the moment door open you came
The moment I opened the door you entered.

b) jEse mE boluM vEse hI karo
like I say same way do
Act the way I do.

c) Ese karoge wo acCA hoga
Like this do then good it will be
It will be good if you do like this.

d) jyoM hI mEne GadI xeKI Ce bajane vAlA Wa
the moment I watch look six going to be
The moment I looked at watch it was going to be six.
hI followed by negation marker nahI
a) usane nahI hI bawAyA
he not tell
He did not tell.
b) jaba Xoni Sawaka lagaegA hI nahI jitegA kEse
when Dhoni century hit not win how
When Dhoni will at all not hit century how will they win.

hI Followed by 'ke binA', 'ke sAWa' and 'ke bAxa'
a) vaha juwA pahne binA hI KelawA hE
he shoes wear not even plays
He plays without even without wearing shoes.

b) vaha sirpa apne piwA ke sAWa hI Ayi WI
she only her father with come had
She had come with her father only.

c) mE Gara pahuMcne ke bAxa hI ArAma karungA
I home reach after only rest
I will rest only after reaching home.

hI followed by defining / non defining relative clause.
a) usane hI to KAyA hE
s/he only eaten has
S/he has eaten only.

b) Wumane hI to bulaya WA
You only called had
You only had called


Scambling within a phrase containing the particle hI without altering the meaning or emphasis.
For instance:
isI jagaha pe = is jagaha pe hI
usi ke liye = usa ke liye hi
Apake hI liye = Apake liye hI
a) mEne ye kiwAba Apake liye hI KarixI hE
I this book your for only bought
I bought this book for you only.

b) mEne ye kiwaba Apake hI liye KarixI
I this book you only for bought
I bought this book only for you.

Interface with 'waka', 'ki', 'wo', 'BI', 'ko'
a) wApamAna aBI 40◦C waka hI pahucA hE
temperature now 40◦C upto only reached has
Temperature has reached only 40◦C.

b) kAma yahAz waka hI purA huA hE
work here upto only finished is
Work is finished upto here only.

c) jaba Apa xe rahe ho wo lenA hI padegA
when you giving then take afterall have to
When you are giving I will have to take.

d) vaha BI AyegA hI
he also come emphatic marker
He will definitely come.

e) muJa ko hI xenA
me to only give
Give to me only.

f) vaha pada wo rahI hE hI sAWa me liKa BI rahi hE
she reading with writing also
She is not only reading but writing also.

g) vaha pada hI wo rahI hE liKa wo nahI rahI
she reading only writing not
She is reading only not writng.
Sentences with BI in them if contrasted with those containing hI in them communicate alack of fulfilment or negation when hI is only limiting the boundary or extent to which the work has been completed.
Consider the following sentences.
a) XonI Kela raha hE wo Sawaka lagAega hI
Dhoni playing then century hit
When Dhoni is playing he will definitely hit century.
b) XonI Kela raha hE wo Sawaka hI lagAega
Dhoni playing then century only hit
When Dhoni is playing he will hit century only.

The scope of focus particles is not confined to just discourse marking or emphasizing – they have a role in disambiguation too as the above sentences show. And an optimum understanding of the focus particles, here the focus particle 'hI', will be quite useful in developing instructions for the machines too which are not endowed with disambiguation systems.
References:
Brown, Keith. Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics
Shapiro, Michael C. 1994. A Primer Of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsi Dass Publishers. Delhi.
Kachru, Yamuna and Rajeshwari Pandharipande. 1983. Intermediate Hindi. Motilal Banarsi Dass. Delhi.
Subbarao, K. V. 2004. The Role of Particles and Clitics in Disambiguation.
Scott A Schwenter and Shravan Vasisth. Absolute and Relative Particles in Spanish and Hindi.
Note: All examples are in w x notations.

-- TARIQ KHAN09490036424

Focus Particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu Language

Deciphering focus particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu
Tariq Khan
safertariq@gmail.com
CALTS, University of Hyderabad
The particle 'hI' in Hindi-Urdu language is used to emphasize constituents, relate information, signal attitude and prevent ambiguity. The positioning of 'hI' adjacent to a constituent make it salient. In a discourse it contributes to the complete interpretation of utterances. And in a sentence, open for interpretation, the putting of hI serves for disambiguation. Let's consider a few sentences with hI occuring at diverse positions within them.
a) XonI hI Sawaka lagAegA
Dhoni only century hit
Only Dhoni will hit century.

b) XonI Sawaka hI lagAegA
Dhoni only century hit
Dhoni will hit century only.

c) XonI Sawaka lagAegA hI
Dhoni only century hit certainly
Dhoni will certainly hit century.

d) jo wumahe pasanda hE vahI miTAI lAyA Huz
that you like same sweet have brought
I have brought the same sweet which you like.

e) vaha WodI hI xera meM calA gayA
he short only time left
He left in a short while.

f) mEM Gara pahumca kara KAUngA
I home reach eat
I will take food after reaching home.

mEM Gara pahumca kara hI KAUngA
I home reach only eat
I will take food only after reaching home.
The position of hI decides the emphasis within an emphatic sentence. As a particle it is invariable in form and does not belong to one of the classes. And still, it has grammatical and pragmatic meaning. As its function is to give prominence to the constituents, it occurs but only once in a given sentence.

A large number of combinations is possible with the merger of pronouns and the particle hI. These combinations may refer to persons, events as well as objects. They are used to perform illocutionary functions.

Example Set One
yaha + hI = yahI 'this one'
vaha + hI = vahI 'that one'
If X = {yahI, vahI}
X AdamI AyA Wa
man had come
is + hI = isI 'this one'
us + hI = usI 'that one'
If X = {isI, usI}
X ne JagdA kiyA WA
had fought

Examples Set Two
in + hI = inahIM 'these ones'
un + hI = unahIM 'those ones'
wuma + hI = wumahIM ' you only'
If X = {inahIM, unahIM, wumhIM}
X ko Pala diyA WA
To fruits had given

Examples Set Three
aba + hI = aBI 'now'
jaba + hI = jaBI 'whenever'
waba + hI = waBI 'then only'
saba + hI = saBI 'all' (inclusive)
If X = {aBI, jaBI, waBI, saBI}
X Gara jAeMge
home go

Examples Set Four
yahAz + hI = yahIM 'here only'
vahAz + hI = vahIM 'there only'
kahAz + hI = kahIM 'wherever'
If X = {yahIM, vahIM, kahIM}
X se Karixa ke lAo
from buy bring

Examples Set Five
Such contracted forms are not possible with the following pronouns:
First person pronoun 'mE'
Second person honorific pronoun 'Apa' and
Possessive pronouns 'merA', 'werA', 'uskA' & 'hamArA'
'hI' exists independently when it is preceded by the above pronouns.
{merA hI, werA hI, uskA hI, mE hI, Apa hI}

The Hindi-Urdu word order and the focus particle 'hI'

The focus particle hI can occur at various constituent positions in a given sentence, but never in the sentence initial position. In all these positions it highlights the constituents preceded by it..

Free word order and hI
a) wumahe hI jAnA WA to mE kyuM AyA?
you only go had then I why come
If only you had to go why did I come?

b) wumahe jAnA hI WA to Aye kyuM We?
you go only had then why come
If you had to go (only) why did you come?

c) wumahe jAnA WA hI nahI to mE kyuM AyA
you go only had then why come
If you did not have to go why did I come?

d) wumahe jAnA to padegA hI
you go have to
You will have to go.


Verbal suffix –we preceding hI
Communicating the sense 'as soon as'.

a ) vaha Gara jAwe hI KAnA banAwA hE
he home reach as soon as prepare food
As soon as he reaches home he prepares food.

b) pEse milwe hI majaxura cale gaye
money get as soon as labourers go home
The labourers went home as soon as they got money.

c) Kela Kawama howe hI hamane paDAI Suru kI
Game end as soon as we studies start
We started the studies as soon as we finished the game.

Alteration with 'siraPa'
a) yaha Gara sirPa Apake liye hE
this house only you for is
This house is for you only.

b) yaha Gara Apake liye hI hE
this house you for only is
This house is only for you.

Oblique infinitive + para hI
a) usake bulAne para hI mE vahAM gayA.
His/her call on only I there went
I went there only on her/ his call.

b) wuma mere bawAe rAswe para hI calanA
you my asked path on just go
You just follow what I have asked you.

Reflexivex plus hI
apane Apa, Kuxa,
a) wuma apane Apa hI gIre We
you self fell
you fell on your own.

b) mE Kuxa hI bimAra WA
I self sick was
I was myself sick.

hI preceded by conjunctive constructions 'kara'
mE kAma Kawama karke hI sone jAuMgA
I work over finish only sleep go
I will go to sleep only after finishing the work.

With dates and time
aBI hI, Aja hI, kala hI, {days of the week/ dates}
Xoni aBI hI Sawaka mAregA.
Dhoni now only century hit
Dhoni will hit century now only.


hI preceded by 'jEse', 'vEse', 'Ese' , and 'jyoM'
a) mEne jEse hI xarvAjA KolA Apa aye
I the moment door open you came
The moment I opened the door you entered.

b) jEse mE boluM vEse hI karo
like I say same way do
Act the way I do.

c) Ese karoge wo acCA hoga
Like this do then good it will be
It will be good if you do like this.

d) jyoM hI mEne GadI xeKI Ce bajane vAlA Wa
the moment I watch look six going to be
The moment I looked at watch it was going to be six.
hI followed by negation marker nahI
a) usane nahI hI bawAyA
he not tell
He did not tell.
b) jaba Xoni Sawaka lagaegA hI nahI jitegA kEse
when Dhoni century hit not win how
When Dhoni will at all not hit century how will they win.

hI Followed by 'ke binA', 'ke sAWa' and 'ke bAxa'
a) vaha juwA pahne binA hI KelawA hE
he shoes wear not even plays
He plays without even without wearing shoes.

b) vaha sirpa apne piwA ke sAWa hI Ayi WI
she only her father with come had
She had come with her father only.

c) mE Gara pahuMcne ke bAxa hI ArAma karungA
I home reach after only rest
I will rest only after reaching home.

hI followed by defining / non defining relative clause.
a) usane hI to KAyA hE
s/he only eaten has
S/he has eaten only.

b) Wumane hI to bulaya WA
You only called had
You only had called


Scambling within a phrase containing the particle hI without altering the meaning or emphasis.
For instance:
isI jagaha pe = is jagaha pe hI
usi ke liye = usa ke liye hi
Apake hI liye = Apake liye hI
a) mEne ye kiwAba Apake liye hI KarixI hE
I this book your for only bought
I bought this book for you only.

b) mEne ye kiwaba Apake hI liye KarixI
I this book you only for bought
I bought this book only for you.

Interface with 'waka', 'ki', 'wo', 'BI', 'ko'
a) wApamAna aBI 40◦C waka hI pahucA hE
temperature now 40◦C upto only reached has
Temperature has reached only 40◦C.

b) kAma yahAz waka hI purA huA hE
work here upto only finished is
Work is finished upto here only.

c) jaba Apa xe rahe ho wo lenA hI padegA
when you giving then take afterall have to
When you are giving I will have to take.

d) vaha BI AyegA hI
he also come emphatic marker
He will definitely come.

e) muJa ko hI xenA
me to only give
Give to me only.

f) vaha pada wo rahI hE hI sAWa me liKa BI rahi hE
she reading with writing also
She is not only reading but writing also.

g) vaha pada hI wo rahI hE liKa wo nahI rahI
she reading only writing not
She is reading only not writng.
Sentences with BI in them if contrasted with those containing hI in them communicate alack of fulfilment or negation when hI is only limiting the boundary or extent to which the work has been completed.
Consider the following sentences.
a) XonI Kela raha hE wo Sawaka lagAega hI
Dhoni playing then century hit
When Dhoni is playing he will definitely hit century.
b) XonI Kela raha hE wo Sawaka hI lagAega
Dhoni playing then century only hit
When Dhoni is playing he will hit century only.

The scope of focus particles is not confined to just discourse marking or emphasizing – they have a role in disambiguation too as the above sentences show. And an optimum understanding of the focus particles, here the focus particle 'hI', will be quite useful in developing instructions for the machines too which are not endowed with disambiguation systems.
References:
Brown, Keith. Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics
Shapiro, Michael C. 1994. A Primer Of Modern Standard Hindi. Motilal Banarsi Dass Publishers. Delhi.
Kachru, Yamuna and Rajeshwari Pandharipande. 1983. Intermediate Hindi. Motilal Banarsi Dass. Delhi.
Subbarao, K. V. 2004. The Role of Particles and Clitics in Disambiguation.
Scott A Schwenter and Shravan Vasisth. Absolute and Relative Particles in Spanish and Hindi.
Note: All examples are in w x notations.

-- TARIQ KHAN09490036424

Deciphering Particle 'hI' in Hindi - Urdu Language

Abstract

Submitted to ICON 2008

Tariq Khan

CALTS, University Of Hyderabad

'Focus' is an intrinsic property of the 'Human Languages'. Among the variegated functions it performs are: highlighting the constituents in a phrase and sentence and relating the information between phrases. This paper deals with 'hI' as a focus particle in Hindi-Urdu language. It begins with a brief description on 'hI' as a focus particle. Next, it observes 'hI' at morphophonemic and Syntactic levels. I have used some example sentences to show the various positions it acquires in order to perform the roles assigned to it in different contexts. Then, I have attempted to show its interface with other particles like 'wo', 'ko', 'waka', 'para', 'BI' etc. My endeavour is to describe 'hI' not merely as an 'emphasizer' or 'discourse marker', but also as a tool for disambiguation. Finally, I have put a belief that, the understanding of 'hI' may prove computationally relevant, too. Specially, tasks like instructing machines how to parse Hindi-Urdu sentences and/or translate them into other language(s).

Linguistic Suicide

"Linguistic Suicide"
A New Coining for an Old Concern.
Tariq Khan
safertariq@gmail.com

Introduction:
Languages are said to be born, flourish in their life time and decay finally. "A language is said to be dead when no one speaks it any more. Its a situation when a given language ceases to have a single fluent speaker" David Crystal. However, language death is a generic term and the focus of my presentation is "Linguistic Suicide" to be exact. Suicide may easily be distinguished from death in terms of agency and autonomy. "Linguistic Suicide refers to a situation wherein parents, who are the speakers of a minority language, deliberately choose not to teach this language to their children and instead adopt a majority language in their homes" . "Linguistic Suicide occurs when an older generation of speakers dominant in a minority language adopts a majority language as the language of child rearing, thereby willfully interrupting the transmission of their language to the next generation" Beck and Lam.

Presentation Outline
After giving an introduction I have tried to explain the issue of Linguistic Suicide and Language Death in more details. For the purpose I have used the contents of David Crystal's book 'Language Death' and have also tried to incorporate from Denison 's perspective on the subject. I have assembled some commonly agreed causes for this problem and listed down the evident consequences. Keeping the sensitivity of the issue I have freely borrowed some quoted texts from the likes of David Crystal, Norman Denison , Nancy Dorian, Yvonne Lam and David Beck . There is a list of some Active Organisations followed by the Reference List at the end of this handout.

Description
The term " Linguistic Suicide" was introduced by Norman Denison in the year 1977. Denison argues that languages die not for the loss of or decay of formal rules, but instead are lost when parents cease transmitting the minority language to their children. And incidentally India which is so rich and diverse linguistically faces an equally precarious situation. Here that which is indegenous is endangered and that which is endangered is indegenous. Lets us see some queries which contemplate on Linguistic Suicide and Language Deaths:
What is Linguistic Suicide ?
How is it different from Language Death?
Why do languages have to die?
Is language death really bad or a sort of boon for humanity?
What are some of the predominant factors behind linguistic suicide?
How can we alter the situation ?
Is language death or linguistic suicide assimilating evolution of languages ?
Language is the mirror of mind. Linguistic suicide would mean curtaining over this mirror. Any reduction of language diversity diminishes the adaptation strength of our species because it lowers the pool of knowledge from which we can draw. The balancing between identity and intelligibility has failed and needs to be worked out again. This issue is significant as it is not about mere observing sound change or vocabulary preference or stylistic shifts and contextualizing them. It is about death, self-annihilation called suicide of language as well identity and with the catastrophic loss of knowledge system embodied in the languages that cease to be. Naturally, this endows with our ethical responsibility, to act in the best of out capacity.


Causes
Languages are not like people. So, its not possible to write a single cause on the death certificate for a language. Broadly speaking the causes are socio-economic and socio-psychological. Economic progress through other languages, influence of other dominant languages in the vicinity etc. However, single major factor like quest for economic prosperity is plausible but not as relevant as the effects of Educational System, Mass Media, Government's Policies and Business Environment. Some the very pressing causes are as following.
Shifting of identity.
Switching over to prestigious tongues.
Prejudice against the native tongue.
Displacement of the community.
The march of civilization.
Impact of regional media.
Negligence from the government and industries.
There is an agreement among the linguists that over half of the world's languages are moribund that is not effectively being passed on to the next generation. We are at that point of history where, within perhaps, two generation most languages will die out.

Consequences
Like the causes the consequences of Linguistic Suicide is also multifaceted. A native language is like a natural resource, it cannot be replaced once it is removed from the Earth. just as the extinction of any animal species diminishes our world, so does the extinction of any language.
Loss of identity.
Social disintegration
Lack of cultural continuity between generations.
Loss of indigenous and traditional knowledge systems.
Attack on tribal ethnicity preserved in language structure e.g. Lexicon and Grammar
Loss of repositories of ancient wisdom, worldview and philosophy of life.
Loss of tribal lore, oral literature in the form of tales, songs, ballads, epics, proverbs, riddles and myths.
"Having waited too long before undertaking to rally support for the threatened languages, we may find ourselves eulogizing extinct languages whose living uniqueness we had hoped to celebrate" Nancy Dorian.


Conservation
Language diversity, like a gene pool, is essential for our species to thrive. If we are to prosper we need the cross fertilization of thought that multilingualism gives us. To fight to preserve the dying languages may turn out to be the struggle to preserve the most precious things that make us humans before we end up in the land fill of history.
Spreading awareness.
Persuading agencies like government and media.
Activism through electronic means (digitization).
Solidarity for the organisations engaged in the acts of conservation.
Documentation of language and literature by recording digitizing etc.
Descriptive grammar with phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics highlighting the uniqueness of each language.
Involve native speakers in material production.
The list may go very long. But we in the given situations and compulsions can be at least as honest with our course as we can. This is required in order to acquire the skills being imparted perfectly.


Conclusion
Languages are dying at an unprecedented rate. There is a possibility of losing half the world's languages within next hundred years and survival of only one language in it a few hundred years hence. "Language death is a terrible loss, to all who come into contact with it. Facing the loss of language or culture involves same stages of grief that one experiences in the process of death and dying" Crystal. We don't have to be members of an endangered linguistic community to sense this grief, or respond to it. Now, given the situation we have too contrasting choices. One, we can sit back and do nothing. Are we willing to shoulder the blame for having stood by and done nothing? Alternative, we act using as many means as possible to confront the situation and influence the outcome. Among the active people and agencies there is a need for convergence of efforts and solidarity with all who are involved in the act of conservation.
List of Organisation
Ad Hoc Committee On Endangered Languages (M366050@er.uqam.ca)
Ethnologue (www.sil.org/ethnologue)
The Endangered Languages Fund, Inc (www.sapir.ling.yale.edu/~elf/study.html)
UNESCO Study of Endangered Languages (unescopv@eurosur.org)
Universal Declaration Of Linguistic Rights (ciemen@tros.es) (www.indigo.ie/egt/udhr/udlr.html)
Logosphere (logosphere@aol.com)

List of Reference
'Language Death' by David Crystal. Cambridge University Press. Year 2000.
(Available in IGML library Call No. 417.7 C88L, Accession No. 198897
'Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics' Rajend Mesthrie.
'Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics' Keith Brown.
(Volume 7, Pages 199 & 200)
'Language Loss and Linguistic Suicide' David Beck and Yvonne Lam.


Welcoming your ideas and appreciation
With Regards

Summer School Camp @ IIIT-Hyderabad.

I have been at the IIIT- Hyderabad since May 26, 2008. All it began as participation in the Summer School Camp there. There were students and faculties from various instituations like IIIT- Hyderabad, IIIT- Allahabad, IIT-Bombay, IITChennai, JNU, BHU, Indian Science Scool etc.
Overall it was a nice experience there. There were lectures and projects and presentation. There were lectures on parsing chunking and tagging. Some were easy to understand while others were extremely technical. Among the lectures, the one delivered by K.V. Subba Rao was a real treat to attend. The participants were the students of linguistics and computer sciences. As participants they were supposed to do a project under a mentor and present the same in the open symposium.
I, along with an M.A student from BHU, took a project called Comparison Of Dependency Parsers on English Sentences. Our mentor was Prashanth, a research scholar from IIIT-Hyderabad. Initially it was not a very entertaining project, however, later on when the time for presentation was approaching it transformed into a highly absorbing activity. We worked really hard and followed our own style of working. We stayed awakened the whole night on the eve of presentation. When our presentation was ready we had to share the time between us and we made a plan for it. Both of us were anxious as the presentations before us were really fantastic.
When the time came and we reached the stage Shailendra, my partner told me that he would not be able to speak anything without really stammering or collapsing. It was very late indeed. I decide to go ahead and deliver the entire presentation myself. When I climbed up the stage I realized that the paper we had prepared for the introduction also remained with. I felt it safe to admit that I was new in this field. I was happy and relieved when I saw that things were still going well. When the questions round came I wanted to curse that Italian Linguist, Leonard Laslo and Rajesh Bhatt Who teaches at Massachusetts University, Why they had to get interested into our presentation. But Lo they had some points to agree with. There was big relief when I came down the stage. It was my first presentation in Computational Linguistics (at IIIT-Hyderabad).

I AM INTERESTED IN LINGUISTICS.

I HAVE SOME ISSUES TO THINK ABOUT

AND WILL SHORTLY PUBLISH THEM HERE

Tariq Khan

I welcome one and all to my blog.
Here, I intend to share my experiences and experimentations with the Science Of Language. Besides, I will try to update this blog with the quests I have in Linguistics.
You constructive suggestions are most welcome and thanked in advance.
At present I doing my M. Phil research, at CALTS, University of Hyderabad, India.
Tariq